Combined Science

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This subtopic covers the principles of energy transfers within systems, focusing on how energy is conserved but often dissipated as heat, reducing useful output. Students learn to calculate efficiency using the ratio of useful output to total input, and evaluate methods of reducing unwanted energy transfers in everyday contexts such as insulation and lubrication. The practical application of these concepts is essential for understanding energy sustainability and designing more efficient devices.

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Cell biology

This topic explores the fundamental unit of life, the cell, covering both prokaryotic and eukaryotic structures and their functions. It further examines the processes of cell division, including mitosis and meiosis, the role of stem cells, and the metabolic processes of respiration and enzyme-controlled reactions.

Pure substances and mixtures

This topic explores the fundamental unit of life, the cell, covering both prokaryotic and eukaryotic structures and their functions. It further examines the processes of cell division, including mitosis and meiosis, the role of stem cells, and the metabolic processes of respiration and enzyme-controlled reactions.

Energy

This topic explores the fundamental unit of life, the cell, covering both prokaryotic and eukaryotic structures and their functions. It further examines the processes of cell division, including mitosis and meiosis, the role of stem cells, and the metabolic processes of respiration and enzyme-controlled reactions.

Carbon compounds

This topic explores the importance of crude oil as a primary source of hydrocarbons and its role as a feedstock for the petrochemical industry. It covers the separation of crude oil through fractional distillation and the process of cracking to produce more useful materials, while highlighting the finite nature of these resources.

Life cycle assessment and recycling

This topic examines the environmental impact of manufactured materials through the process of life cycle assessment (LCA). It requires learners to evaluate the stages of a product's life, from raw material extraction to disposal, and to understand the principles and viability of recycling materials for different uses.

The Earth and its atmosphere

This topic explores the origin of the Earth's atmosphere and its evolution over geological time, including the development of an oxygen-rich environment. It also examines the greenhouse effect, the impact of human activity on climate change, and the sources and effects of atmospheric pollutants, alongside methods for ensuring potable water supplies.

Transport systems

This topic covers the mechanisms by which substances are transported into and out of cells, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It further details the structure and function of the human circulatory system and the transport systems in plants, specifically xylem and phloem.

Particles and atomic structure

This topic covers the mechanisms by which substances are transported into and out of cells, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It further details the structure and function of the human circulatory system and the transport systems in plants, specifically xylem and phloem.

Particle model of matter

This topic covers the mechanisms by which substances are transported into and out of cells, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It further details the structure and function of the human circulatory system and the transport systems in plants, specifically xylem and phloem.

Health, disease and the development of medicine

This topic explores the relationship between health and disease, covering the causes of communicable and non-communicable diseases and how they are spread. It also examines the body's natural defence mechanisms, the development and use of medicines, and the impact of lifestyle factors on human health.

Chemical formulae, equations and amount of substance

This topic explores the relationship between health and disease, covering the causes of communicable and non-communicable diseases and how they are spread. It also examines the body's natural defence mechanisms, the development and use of medicines, and the impact of lifestyle factors on human health.

Forces

This topic explores the relationship between health and disease, covering the causes of communicable and non-communicable diseases and how they are spread. It also examines the body's natural defence mechanisms, the development and use of medicines, and the impact of lifestyle factors on human health.

Coordination and control

This topic covers the mechanisms of nervous and hormonal coordination in humans, including the role of reflex actions and the function of major glands. It also explores homeostasis, specifically the regulation of blood glucose levels through negative feedback mechanisms involving insulin and glucagon.

The Periodic Table and properties of elements

This topic covers the mechanisms of nervous and hormonal coordination in humans, including the role of reflex actions and the function of major glands. It also explores homeostasis, specifically the regulation of blood glucose levels through negative feedback mechanisms involving insulin and glucagon.

Forces and motion

This topic covers the mechanisms of nervous and hormonal coordination in humans, including the role of reflex actions and the function of major glands. It also explores homeostasis, specifically the regulation of blood glucose levels through negative feedback mechanisms involving insulin and glucagon.

Bonding, structure and properties

Photosynthesis is a vital endothermic process where green plants and algae use chlorophyll and light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. This topic examines the factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis, specifically temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration, and how these factors interact to limit the rate of the reaction.

Waves in matter

Photosynthesis is a vital endothermic process where green plants and algae use chlorophyll and light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. This topic examines the factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis, specifically temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration, and how these factors interact to limit the rate of the reaction.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a vital endothermic process where green plants and algae use chlorophyll and light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. This topic examines the factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis, specifically temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration, and how these factors interact to limit the rate of the reaction.

Light and electromagnetic waves

This topic explores the levels of organisation within ecosystems, including populations, communities, and the abiotic and biotic factors that influence them. It also covers the principles of material cycling, such as the carbon and water cycles, and the importance of biodiversity, including human impacts and conservation strategies.

Ecosystems

This topic explores the levels of organisation within ecosystems, including populations, communities, and the abiotic and biotic factors that influence them. It also covers the principles of material cycling, such as the carbon and water cycles, and the importance of biodiversity, including human impacts and conservation strategies.

Reactivity series and extraction of metals

This topic explores the levels of organisation within ecosystems, including populations, communities, and the abiotic and biotic factors that influence them. It also covers the principles of material cycling, such as the carbon and water cycles, and the importance of biodiversity, including human impacts and conservation strategies.

Inheritance, variation and evolution

This topic explores how an organism's genome and its interaction with the environment influence its characteristics, including the mechanisms of inheritance and the process of evolution. It covers the structure of DNA, the principles of genetic crosses, and how natural selection drives biodiversity and adaptation over time.

Chemistry of acids

This topic explores how an organism's genome and its interaction with the environment influence its characteristics, including the mechanisms of inheritance and the process of evolution. It covers the structure of DNA, the principles of genetic crosses, and how natural selection drives biodiversity and adaptation over time.

Electricity

This topic explores how an organism's genome and its interaction with the environment influence its characteristics, including the mechanisms of inheritance and the process of evolution. It covers the structure of DNA, the principles of genetic crosses, and how natural selection drives biodiversity and adaptation over time.

Magnetism and electromagnetism

This topic explores the energy changes that accompany chemical reactions, distinguishing between exothermic and endothermic processes based on temperature changes in the surroundings. It introduces the concept of activation energy as the energy required for a reaction to occur and utilizes reaction profiles and bond energy calculations to quantify energy changes.

Energy changes in chemistry

This topic explores the energy changes that accompany chemical reactions, distinguishing between exothermic and endothermic processes based on temperature changes in the surroundings. It introduces the concept of activation energy as the energy required for a reaction to occur and utilizes reaction profiles and bond energy calculations to quantify energy changes.

Rate of chemical change and dynamic equilibrium

This topic examines the factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions, including temperature, concentration, pressure, surface area, and the use of catalysts. It also introduces the concept of dynamic equilibrium in reversible reactions, where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, and explores how changing conditions can shift the equilibrium position.

Atomic structure

This topic examines the factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions, including temperature, concentration, pressure, surface area, and the use of catalysts. It also introduces the concept of dynamic equilibrium in reversible reactions, where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, and explores how changing conditions can shift the equilibrium position.