Globalisation, migration and a shrinking world — Eduqas A-Level Geography

Globalisation, migration and a shrinking world explores how interconnected our planet has become, driven by flows of people, goods, capital, information and ideas. This topic examines the causes and consequences of globalisation, the patterns and processes of international migration, and the technological and political forces that make the world feel smaller. You will study how economic integration, transnational corporations (TNCs), and global institutions like the IMF and World Bank shape development, while also considering the cultural, environmental and social impacts of these changes.

Migration is a central theme, focusing on push and pull factors, types of migration (voluntary, forced, economic, refugee), and the impacts on source and host countries. You will analyse case studies such as Mexican migration to the USA, Syrian refugees in Europe, or Polish workers in the UK, evaluating the economic, social and political consequences. The 'shrinking world' concept is underpinned by time-space compression, driven by advances in transport (e.g., budget airlines, high-speed rail) and communications (e.g., internet, smartphones). Understanding these dynamics is crucial for grasping contemporary issues like Brexit, anti-globalisation movements, and the uneven distribution of globalisation's benefits.

This topic fits within the broader WJEC A-Level Geography course by linking to themes of development, inequality, and geopolitics. It provides a foundation for understanding global systems and governance, and challenges you to think critically about the winners and losers of globalisation. You will develop skills in interpreting data, evaluating case studies, and constructing balanced arguments—essential for exams and for understanding the world around you.

• →Globalisation: The increasing interconnectedness of countries through flows of goods, services, capital, people and information. Key drivers include trade liberalisation, TNCs, technology and international organisations.
• →Time-space compression: The reduction in the time it takes for people, goods and information to travel, making the world feel smaller. Examples include the internet and jet aircraft.
• →Migration: The movement of people from one place to another. Types include internal vs international, voluntary vs forced, and economic vs refugee. Push factors (e.g., war, poverty) and pull factors (e.g., jobs, safety) drive migration.
• →Transnational corporations (TNCs): Large companies operating in multiple countries, such as Apple or Nike. They drive globalisation by locating production in low-cost countries and selling globally, but can exploit labour and avoid tax.
• →Globalisation's uneven impacts: Benefits (e.g., economic growth, cultural exchange) are concentrated in developed countries and emerging economies, while many developing countries face exploitation, environmental degradation and cultural erosion.

• Classification of migrants
• Quantification and mapping of global migration patterns
• Factors creating a shrinking world (transport, communication, media representation)
• Drivers of international out-migration (poverty, commodity prices, market access)
• Role of diaspora communities, colonial/Commonwealth links, and freedom of movement legislation (e.g., EU)
• Influence of superpower states on migration flows and global hubs
• Consequences of economic migration (remittances, brain drain, interdependency)
• Management of migration policies and conflicting views on cultural change

• 💡Ensure you can classify different types of migrants accurately
• 💡Use contemporary examples (within the last two decades) to illustrate migration flows
• 💡Be prepared to discuss the interdependency between host and source countries
• 💡Focus on the 'shrinking world' concept as a driver for migration
• 💡Use specific case studies with place names, dates and data. For example, 'Mexican migration to the USA peaked in 2000 with 1.6 million border crossings per year' is better than 'many people move from Mexico to the USA'. Examiners reward precise knowledge.
• 💡Evaluate the impacts of globalisation and migration using a balanced approach. For every positive impact (e.g., remittances boosting a source country's economy), mention a negative (e.g., brain drain). Use phrases like 'on one hand... on the other hand...' to show critical thinking.
• 💡Link concepts to wider geographical themes. For instance, connect migration to demographic transition models or globalisation to development theories (e.g., Rostow's model). This shows synoptic understanding and can earn higher marks.

• Failing to link migration patterns to the broader concept of globalisation
• Confusing the drivers of economic migration with those of refugee movements
• Neglecting the role of media and communication in creating a 'shrinking world'
• Overlooking the management and policy aspects of migration
• Misconception: Globalisation only benefits rich countries. Correction: While benefits are uneven, many developing countries (e.g., China, India) have experienced rapid growth through global trade and investment. However, the poorest countries often lose out due to unequal terms of trade and debt.
• Misconception: Migration is always from poor to rich countries. Correction: Migration flows are complex—many migrants move between developing countries (South-South migration) or from rich to poor countries (e.g., retirees to Spain). Also, circular migration (temporary movement) is common.
• Misconception: The 'shrinking world' means everyone is equally connected. Correction: Time-space compression affects people differently—those in remote rural areas or without internet access are less connected, creating a 'digital divide'.