A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime are common treatments.

The idea

Because Type 2 diabetes involves poor responsiveness to insulin, treatment often focuses on reducing the glucose load and improving how well cells respond. A carbohydrate controlled diet limits how much carbohydrate, especially sugar, is eaten, so smaller rises in blood glucose occur after meals. Regular exercise increases the rate at which muscles use glucose and can improve insulin sensitivity, helping cells respond better. Together these measures can lower blood glucose and, in some cases, reduce the need for medication.

What earns the marks

• A carbohydrate controlled diet limits the amount of carbohydrate eaten, reducing glucose absorbed into the blood.
• Fewer and smaller rises in blood glucose occur after meals when carbohydrate intake is controlled.
• Regular exercise increases the use of glucose by muscles during activity.
• Exercise can improve the sensitivity of body cells to insulin, so glucose is taken up more effectively.
• Diet and exercise together can lower blood glucose and may reduce the need for medication.

Common mistakes and how to put them right

• Saying a carbohydrate controlled diet means eating no carbohydrate.

  Put it right: It means controlling the amount and type, not eliminating it.

• Claiming exercise cures Type 2 diabetes permanently.

  Put it right: It helps manage blood glucose but does not guarantee a cure.

• Confusing the treatment of Type 2 with insulin injections as the first option.

  Put it right: Lifestyle measures are commonly used first, though medication may also be needed.

Exam tips

• Link each treatment to its effect on blood glucose rather than listing treatments alone.
• Use the term carbohydrate controlled rather than simply diet, to show precision.
• When comparing treatments, note that Type 1 normally requires insulin injections, whereas Type 2 commonly begins with lifestyle changes.