Efficiency of information processing to include:: Schmidt’s schema theory.

The idea

Schmidt's schema theory explains how performers adapt to different situations without storing a separate motor programme for every possible movement. Instead, they store a generalised motor programme (GMP) containing invariant features, and use schemas (rules built from experience) to adjust variable parameters like force or speed. Every time a movement is performed, four pieces of information are stored: initial conditions, response specifications, sensory consequences, and response outcome. These form two schemas: the recall schema (initial conditions and response specifications) which initiates movement, and the recognition schema (sensory consequences and outcome) which evaluates it.

What earns the marks

• Schmidt's schema theory proposes that performers store generalised motor programmes (GMPs) adapted by schemas, rather than individual programmes for every movement.
• A schema is a set of rules or relationships developed from past experiences of performing a skill.
• Four types of information are stored: initial conditions, response specifications, sensory consequences, and response outcome.
• The recall schema uses initial conditions and response specifications to initiate the movement by selecting parameters.
• The recognition schema uses sensory consequences and response outcomes to evaluate and correct the movement.

Common mistakes and how to put them right

• Confusing the recall schema (which initiates movement) with the recognition schema (which evaluates movement).

• Believing that schema theory requires a separate motor programme for every single movement variation.

  Put it right: It actually uses a generalised motor programme adapted by schemas.

• Failing to identify the four specific types of information gathered during a movement.

  Put it right: Initial conditions, response specifications, sensory consequences, and response outcome must all be known.

Exam tips

• Clearly distinguish between the recall schema (before/during initiation) and the recognition schema (during/after movement).
• List the four sources of information (initial conditions, response specifications, sensory consequences, response outcome) when explaining how schemas are formed.
• Use a sporting example, such as a netball shot, to illustrate how varied practice builds stronger schemas.