Buddhism - 3.1.1.2 Practices: compassion (karuna)

The idea

Karuna (compassion) is a fundamental Buddhist virtue, particularly emphasised in Mahayana Buddhism as a prerequisite for becoming a Bodhisattva. It involves recognising the suffering (dukkha) of others and feeling a deep, active desire to alleviate it. Unlike mere pity, karuna requires action and is born from the understanding that all beings are interconnected. For example, a Buddhist might demonstrate karuna by volunteering at a charity, campaigning for environmental protection, or simply offering practical help to a neighbour in distress. It is one of the four sublime states (Brahmaviharas) and is essential for overcoming selfishness and achieving enlightenment.

What earns the marks

• Define karuna as active compassion and the sincere desire to relieve the suffering of others.
• Explain its connection to the concept of dukkha (suffering) and the motivation to end it.
• Identify karuna as a crucial quality of a Bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism.
• Provide examples of karuna in action, such as charitable work or ethical living (Right Action).

Common mistakes and how to put them right

• Confusing karuna with metta.

  Put it right by specifying that karuna specifically focuses on alleviating suffering, whereas metta is a general wish for happiness.

• Viewing karuna as passive pity.

  Put it right by emphasising that karuna requires active effort and practical action to help others.

• Thinking karuna only applies to humans.

  Put it right by noting that Buddhists extend compassion to all sentient beings, often influencing dietary choices like vegetarianism.

Exam tips

• Use the term 'dukkha' when explaining why karuna is necessary in the world.
• Link karuna to Mahayana Buddhism and the Bodhisattva ideal for higher-level evaluation marks.
• Provide a concrete example of how a Buddhist might practice karuna in modern society, such as supporting the Rokpa charity.