Study guides

The heart and blood vessels: Students should know the structure and functioning of the human heart and lungs, including how lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange.

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The heart and blood vessels: The body contains three different types of blood vessel:

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The heart and blood vessels: The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.

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The heart and blood vessels: The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker. Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.

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The heart and blood vessels: veins

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The Hill Fort

Eduqas·GCSE

WJEC-GCSE-English-Literature

A quietly devastating exploration of grief, memory, and heritage. 'The Hill Fort' (Y Gaer) rewards careful study of its subtle structural shifts and its profound connection between the Welsh landscape and human emotion.

The History Boys

Eduqas·GCSE

WJEC-GCSE-English-Literature

Alan Bennett's The History Boys is a rich, provocative exploration of the true purpose of education, set against the backdrop of 1980s Thatcherite Britain. By contrasting the eccentric, humanistic Hector with the results-driven, pragmatic Irwin, the play challenges students to think critically about knowledge, truth, and how we measure success—making it a deeply rewarding text for literary analysis and an excellent vehicle for securing top marks in AO2 and AO3.

The human digestive system: Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It also emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increases the surface area. The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase.

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The human digestive system: Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates to simple sugars. Amylase is a carbohydrase which breaks down starch.

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The human digestive system: Digestive enzymes convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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The human digestive system: Enzymes catalyse specific reactions in living organisms due to the shape of their active site.

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The human digestive system: Lipases break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids.

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The human digestive system: Proteases break down proteins to amino acids.

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The human digestive system: Required practical activity 3: use qualitative reagents to test for a range of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

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The human digestive system: Required practical activity 4: investigate the effect of pH on the rate of reaction of amylase enzyme.

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The human digestive system: Students should be able to carry out rate calculations for chemical reactions.

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The human digestive system: Students should be able to describe the nature of enzyme molecules and relate their activity to temperature and pH changes.

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The human digestive system: Students should be able to recall the sites of production and the action of amylase, proteases and lipases.

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The human digestive system: Students should be able to relate knowledge of enzymes to Metabolism (page 42).

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The human digestive system: Students should be able to understand simple word equations but no chemical symbol equations are required.

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The human digestive system: Students should be able to use the ‘lock and key theory’ as a simplified model to explain enzyme action.

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The human digestive system: Students should use a continuous sampling technique to determine the time taken to completely digest a starch solution at a range of pH values. Iodine reagent is to be used to test for starch every 30 seconds. Temperature must be controlled by use of a water bath or electric heater.

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The human digestive system: The digestive system is an example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food.

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The human digestive system: The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration.

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The human digestive system: This section assumes knowledge of the digestive system studied in Key Stage 3 science.

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The human digestive system: To include: Benedict’s test for sugars; iodine test for starch; and Biuret reagent for protein.

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The human nervous system: Information from receptors passes along cells (neurones) as electrical impulses to the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is the brain and spinal cord. The CNS coordinates the response of effectors which may be muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones.

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The human nervous system: Reflex actions are automatic and rapid; they do not involve the conscious part of the brain.

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The human nervous system: Required practical activity 6: plan and carry out an investigation into the effect of a factor on human reaction time.

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The human nervous system: stimulus receptor coordinator effector response

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