Question 1

What is the difference between arousal and anxiety in sport psychology?

Accepted Answer

Arousal is a general physiological and psychological state of alertness, ranging from deep sleep to high excitement. Anxiety is a negative emotional state characterised by worry and nervousness, often with high arousal. In sport, arousal can be beneficial (e.g., getting 'psyched up'), but anxiety usually impairs performance, especially when cognitive anxiety (worry) is high.

Question 2

How does goal setting improve athletic performance?

Accepted Answer

Goal setting improves performance by directing attention, increasing effort, promoting persistence, and developing strategies. Effective goals are SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. For example, a runner might set a goal to 'improve 5K time by 10 seconds in 3 months' rather than 'run faster'. Goals should include both outcome goals (winning) and process goals (technique).

Question 3

What is the catastrophe theory in sport psychology?

Accepted Answer

Catastrophe theory, proposed by Hardy, explains that when cognitive anxiety is high, increases in physiological arousal can cause a sudden, dramatic drop in performance (a 'catastrophe'). Unlike the inverted U, this drop is not gradual and recovery is difficult. For example, a golfer who is already anxious about a putt may 'choke' if their heart rate spikes, leading to a poor shot.

Question 4

How can imagery be used to enhance sports performance?

Accepted Answer

Imagery involves creating or recreating vivid mental experiences of a skill or situation. It can improve performance by strengthening neural pathways, increasing confidence, and reducing anxiety. For best results, use all senses (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) and practice regularly. For instance, a basketball player might imagine making free throws in a crowded gym, feeling the ball and hearing the crowd.

Question 5

What factors influence group cohesion in sports teams?

Accepted Answer

Group cohesion is influenced by factors such as team size (smaller teams often more cohesive), shared goals, communication, leadership style, and external threats (e.g., a rival team). Task cohesion (commitment to team objectives) and social cohesion (friendships) both matter. Coaches can enhance cohesion by setting team goals, promoting positive interactions, and ensuring clear roles.

Question 6

Why do some athletes choke under pressure?

Accepted Answer

Choking occurs when an athlete performs worse than expected due to high pressure. Theories include distraction (attention diverted to worries) and self-focus (over-analysing automatic skills). High cognitive anxiety and arousal can disrupt performance. Strategies to prevent choking include practicing under pressure, using pre-performance routines, and focusing on process goals rather than outcomes.

Section B: Option 4 Sport and exercise psychology

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