Study Notes
Overview
Understanding how the body moves is fundamental to the study of Physical Education. The concepts of planes and axes of movement provide a precise framework for analysing sporting actions. For the OCR GCSE PE exam, candidates are required to demonstrate a clear understanding of the three anatomical planes and the three axes of rotation, correctly pairing them and applying them to practical examples. Mastery of this topic is essential for answering questions in the 'Physical factors affecting performance' section of Paper 1, and it frequently appears in both short-answer (AO1) and extended analysis (AO2/AO3) questions.
This guide will break down the core concepts, provide memory hooks to solidify your knowledge, and give you the exam technique needed to turn that knowledge into marks.
Key Knowledge & Theory
Core Concepts
The human body moves in three dimensions. To describe this movement accurately, we use three imaginary 'planes' that slice through the body, and three imaginary 'axes' around which the body rotates. The key to success is understanding that for any given movement, there is a specific plane-axis pairing.
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Planes of Movement: These are flat surfaces that divide the body.
- Sagittal Plane: Divides the body vertically into left and right sides. Movements in this plane are forwards and backwards (e.g., running, a forward roll).
- Frontal Plane: Divides the body vertically into front and back sides. Movements in this plane are side-to-side (e.g., a cartwheel, star jump).
- Transverse Plane: Divides the body horizontally into top and bottom sections. Movements in this plane are rotational (e.g., a discus thrower spinning).
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Axes of Movement: These are imaginary lines that pass through a joint, around which rotation occurs.
- Frontal Axis: Runs horizontally from side to side (left to right). Rotation around this axis causes forward and backward movement.
- Sagittal Axis: Runs horizontally from front to back (anterior to posterior). Rotation around this axis causes sideways movement.
- Vertical Axis: Runs vertically from head to toe. Rotation around this axis causes spinning or twisting movements.
The Unbreakable Pairing Rule
The most crucial, and often most confusing, part of this topic is the relationship between planes and axes. The axis of rotation is always perpendicular (at a 90-degree angle) to the plane of movement. This leads to the following essential pairings:
| Plane | Paired Axis | Type of Movement | Sporting Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sagittal | Frontal | Forwards & Backwards (Flexion/Extension) | Running, Kicking a ball, Somersault, Cycling |
| Frontal | Sagittal | Sideways (Abduction/Adduction) | Cartwheel, Star Jump, Side-stepping in defence |
| Transverse | Vertical | Rotational (Twisting) | Discus throw spin, Ice skating pirouette, Golf swing |
Technical Vocabulary
To gain full marks, candidates must use precise anatomical language.
- Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back
- Superior/Inferior: Top/Bottom
- Medial/Lateral: Towards the midline/Away from the midline
- Flexion/Extension: Decreasing the angle at a joint / Increasing the angle at a joint.
- Abduction/Adduction: Moving a limb away from the midline / Moving a limb towards the midline.
- Rotation: Movement around a central axis.
Podcast Guide
For an in-depth audio breakdown of this topic, including exam tips and a recall quiz, listen to our dedicated podcast episode.
Exam Component
Written Exam Knowledge
In the written exam (Paper 1: Physical factors affecting performance), questions on this topic can range from 1-mark definitions (AO1) to 6-mark analysis questions (AO3).
- AO1 (Knowledge): You will be asked to define a plane or an axis. E.g., "Define the sagittal axis." (1 mark).
- AO2 (Application): You will be given a sporting action and asked to identify the plane and/or axis. E.g., "Identify the plane and axis used to perform a cartwheel." (2 marks).
- AO3 (Analysis): You will be asked to analyse a movement in detail, justifying your choice of plane and axis and explaining the movement. E.g., "Analyse the movement at the hip joint of a footballer kicking a ball, in relation to the planes and axes of movement." (6 marks).