Continuity and change

Lenin shifted from War Communism to the pragmatic New Economic Policy to ensure regime survival, while Stalin moved from Lenin's collective leadership model to a highly centralised, personal dictatorship.

The Napoleonic Codes unified French law, confirming revolutionary land settlements and equality before the law, but reasserted patriarchal authority over women and children.

Key developments include the shift from reform to reaction under Alexander II and the systematic repression under Alexander III, both aiming to preserve autocracy.

His character starkly contrasted his father's, and he fundamentally shifted the tone of the Tudor monarchy through lavish spending and aggressive foreign policy.

Many initiatives, such as civil rights and tax cuts, were continuations of Kennedy's 'New Frontier' proposals rather than entirely original.

The extent to which foreign relations shifted or stayed the same, assessed by comparing the beginning and end of the period.