Royal authority

William's absolute power over his newly conquered kingdom, reinforced by the survey's demonstration of the immense administrative power of the Norman state.

The Duke of Norfolk represented Henry VIII in meeting the rebels at Doncaster, and Henry later reneged on promises and executed Aske and other leaders.

Government was highly centralised around the monarch, who ruled by Divine Right, and the Queen's authority reached across the realm.

Elizabeth was highly reluctant to execute an anointed monarch and feared endorsing the deposing of anointed monarchs.

The supreme power of the English monarchy, which controlled the minting of coin, raising the fyrd and granting land.

The clash over this versus papal supremacy was fundamental to the dispute between King John and Pope Innocent III.