Study guides

Atoms, elements and compounds: All substances are made of atoms. An atom is the smallest part of an element that can exist.

AQA·GCSE

8464

Atoms, elements and compounds: Atoms of each element are represented by a chemical symbol, eg O represents an atom of oxygen, Na represents an atom of sodium.

AQA·GCSE

8464

Atoms, elements and compounds: Chemical reactions can be represented by word equations or equations using symbols and formulae.

AQA·GCSE

8464

Atoms, elements and compounds: Compounds are formed from elements by chemical reactions. Chemical reactions always involve the formation of one or more new substances, and often involve a detectable energy change. Compounds contain two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions and can be represented by formulae using the symbols of the atoms from which they were formed. Compounds can only be separated into elements by chemical reactions.

AQA·GCSE

8464

Atoms, elements and compounds: name compounds of these elements from given formulae or symbol equations

AQA·GCSE

8464

Atoms, elements and compounds: Students will be supplied with a periodic table for the exam and should be able to:

AQA·GCSE

8464

Atoms, elements and compounds: There are about 100 different elements. Elements are shown in the periodic table.

AQA·GCSE

8464

Atoms, elements and compounds: use the names and symbols of the first 20 elements in the periodic table, the elements in Groups 1 and 7, and other elements in this specification

AQA·GCSE

8464

Atoms, elements and compounds: write formulae and balanced chemical equations for the reactions in this specification.

AQA·GCSE

8464

Atoms, elements and compounds: write word equations for the reactions in this specification

AQA·GCSE

8464

ATP

Pearson Edexcel·A-Level

601/5301/5

Master the molecular basis of life and disease. This topic bridges the gap between DNA structure and real-world health conditions like Cystic Fibrosis, testing your ability to link microscopic mutations to macroscopic symptoms.

Attribution Theory and Self-Efficacy

OCR·A-Level

This study guide delves into Attribution Theory and Self-Efficacy (OCR A-Level PE, 5.4), exploring how athletes explain their successes and failures and how these explanations shape their confidence. Understanding these psychological principles is crucial for analysing sporting behaviour and developing effective coaching strategies.

Authority

OCR·A-Level

This guide provides a comprehensive analysis of two foundational studies on authority in OCR A-Level Psychology: Milgram (1963) and Bocchiaro et al. (2012). It is designed to equip candidates with the precise knowledge and evaluation skills needed to achieve top marks, focusing on key statistics, procedural details, and critical evaluation."

Axes of Movement: Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse

OCR·GCSE

This guide provides a comprehensive breakdown of the Axes of Movement for OCR GCSE Physical Education (2.3). It covers the crucial relationship between the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes and their corresponding axes, providing exam-focused advice to help candidates secure top marks.

Aztecs and the Spanish conquest, 1519-1535

OCR·GCSE

The collision between the Aztec Empire and Hernán Cortés's Spanish expedition between 1519 and 1535 represents one of history's most consequential encounters: a sophisticated Mesoamerican civilisation of millions was brought to its knees within two years, reshaping the Americas forever. For OCR GCSE candidates, this World Depth Study demands precise causal analysis — explaining not just what happened, but why a handful of Spanish soldiers, allied with tens of thousands of indigenous warriors and aided by catastrophic disease, could topple an empire that dominated central Mexico. Mastering this topic means understanding the interplay of military technology, biological catastrophe, indigenous alliances, and Aztec internal divisions — and being able to deploy that understanding fluently under exam conditions.

B: Algebra and functions

AQA·A-Level

7357

Algebra and functions are the organising language of A-Level Mathematics: they connect exact manipulation, graph behaviour and mathematical modelling. Mastering the structure behind an expression lets candidates earn dependable method marks across all three AQA papers, not merely on isolated algebra questions.

B: Algebra and functions: Decompose rational functions into partial fractions (denominators not more complicated than squared linear terms and with no more than 3 terms, numerators constant or linear).

AQA·A-Level

7357

B: Algebra and functions: Manipulate polynomials algebraically, including expanding brackets and collecting like terms, factorisation and simple algebraic division; use of the factor theorem. Simplify rational expressions including by factorising and cancelling, and algebraic division (by linear expressions only).

AQA·A-Level

7357

B: Algebra and functions: Solve linear and quadratic inequalities in a single variable and interpret such inequalities graphically, including inequalities with brackets and fractions. Express solutions through correct use of ‘and’ and ‘or’, or through set notation. Represent linear and quadratic inequalities such as y > x + 1 and y > ax² + bx + c graphically.

AQA·A-Level

7357

B: Algebra and functions: Solve simultaneous equations in two variables by elimination and by substitution, including one linear and one quadratic equation.

AQA·A-Level

7357

B: Algebra and functions: Understand and use composite functions; inverse functions and their graphs.

AQA·A-Level

7357

B: Algebra and functions: Understand and use the laws of indices for all rational exponents.

AQA·A-Level

7357

B: Algebra and functions: Understand the effect of simple transformations on the graph of y = f(x) including sketching associated graphs: y = af(x), y = f(x) + a, y = f(x + a), y = f(ax), and combinations of these transformations.

AQA·A-Level

7357

B: Algebra and functions: Use and manipulate surds, including rationalising the denominator.

AQA·A-Level

7357

B: Algebra and functions: Use of functions in modelling, including consideration of limitations and refinements of the models.

AQA·A-Level

7357

B: Algebra and functions: Work with quadratic functions and their graphs; the discriminant of a quadratic function, including the conditions for real and repeated roots; completing the square; solution of quadratic equations including solving quadratic equations in a function of the unknown.

AQA·A-Level

7357

Background Radiation

OCR·GCSE

This guide provides a comprehensive, exam-focused breakdown of Background Radiation (OCR GCSE Physics 7.5). It covers all key concepts, from natural and man-made sources to the essential skill of calculating corrected count rates, ensuring you are prepared to secure maximum marks."

Bacterial diseases: Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating. It is caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared. Gonorrhoea is spread by sexual contact. The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom.

AQA·GCSE

8464

Bacterial diseases: Salmonella food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions. In the UK, poultry are vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread. Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the bacteria and the toxins they secrete.

AQA·GCSE

8464

Balance of Payments

OCR·GCSE

J205

This guide provides a comprehensive, exam-focused breakdown of the Balance of Payments for OCR GCSE Economics (J205). It dissects the Current Account, explains how to analyze data, and provides proven techniques to help candidates secure top marks.